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Outsourcing was a hot issue a while back. As budding web entrepreneurs, we can't stop thinking about it just because the issue has faded, because we all have to stay up to date on issues related to our prospective businesses. If you are looking into putting up a reseller hosting company, for example, you'll know that offshore reseller hosting is increasingly becoming a hot ticket. But if we pay more serious attention to the outsourcing issue, we'll have to ask ourselves: Are India reseller web hosting outfits in fact outsourced service providers?

We're not talking about Indian support agents or customer relations representatives answering queries for a reseller outfit based in North America or in Europe. Chances are that reseller outfit will not advertise that it is outsourcing certain back office services to lower cost locations. No, we're talking about India reseller web hosting companies - individuals or entire business units licensed to operate independently within India, with a mostly-Indian labor pool.

First off, we have to define what "outsourcing" really is. There is a remarkable difference between outsourcing and franchising, two very lucrative business processes that have spelled out success for smart global-minded entrepreneurs over the decades. Outsourcing means recruiting workers in lower-cost locations to address a target market residing in an advanced nation. Franchising means setting up a base in a lower-cost location to address the needs of the residents of that lower-cost location.

A common example of franchising is Yahoo!'s method: there is a Yahoo!Japan, a Yahoo!Singapore, a Yahoo!China, and many other versions, everywhere in the world. Some of these franchises may be in low-cost locations, but the idea is that the market is localized. It is also important to note that any transactions with international clients is done under the global Yahoo! banner.

If a company is based in India, then, and it is addressing a mainly Indian clientele, it is not an outsourcing company. And if it does not tie back to a mother corporation or a global banner, neither is it a franchise. It is, quite simply, an independent all-Indian venture.

However, these independent ventures may address an international audience! This is one of those things you could take advantage of, as a web space reseller. An Indian reseller web hosting outfit would be able to offer you significantly cheaper space, which you could then redistribute at optimum rates. You are able to save not through outsourcing, but through a strategic partnership!

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As network admins, we're going to be primarily concerned with the first three layers of the OSI model - but for the CCENT and CCNA exam, we need to be concerned with all seven!

The OSI layers are often referred to by numbers, with the Application layer being Layer 7 ("L7"), the Presentation layer being Layer 6, and so forth all the way down to Layer 1, the Physical layer. To get you used to that, I'll refer to the layers by their names and numbers throughout these tutorials.

The Application Layer

This is the layer where the end users themselves interact with the network. Authentication services also run at Layer 7.

Protocols and services that run at L7 include:

Email protocols SMTP and POP3

Telnet

HTTP

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

The Presentation Layer

This layer answers one simple question: "How should this data be presented?" In addition to properly formatting data, encryption occurs at this layer.

The Session Layer

Layer 5 is the "manager" of the two-way communication between two remote hosts. This is the layer that handles the creation, maintenance, and teardown of communications between those two hosts.

The Transport Layer

TCP and UDP both run at the Transport layer, and we've got to know both of those protocols inside and out to pass the CCNA and CCENT exams. We'll look at those protocols in a future tutorial.

The Network Layer

It's at Layer 3 of the OSI model that you and I as network admins begin to have a great deal of interaction with the network. Internet Protocol (IP) runs at this layer, and since routers operate here at L3, this layer is often called "the routing layer".

In a nutshell, routing is a two-question process:

What valid paths exist from the local router to a given destination?

What is the best path to take to get there?

The Data Link Layer

Switches operate at Layer 2, as do Wireless Access Points (WAPs). We've got four major specifications that run here, some of which you may already be familiar with:

Ethernet

High Data Link Control (HDLC)

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Frame Relay

The Physical Layer

When things get a little complicated in networking, I like to remind myself that "it's all ones and zeroes!" Whatever data our end users are creating, it's going to eventually be "translated" into a series of 1s and 0s. Once that is done, it's the Physical layer that handles the actual data transmission. Anything to do with a physical cable - the pins, the connectors, the electrical current itself - is running at the Physical layer.

Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free Cisco CCNP, BSCI, and BCMSN training and CCNA 640-802 tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages.

You can also visit his blog, which is updated several times daily with new Cisco certification articles, free tutorials, and daily CCNA / CCNP exam questions!

For a FREE copy of his latest e-books, How To Pass The CCNA and How To Pass The CCNP, just visit the website! You can also get FREE CCNA and CCNP exam questions every day!

Pass your Cisco CCENT and CCNA 640-802 exam with The Bryant Advantage!

The penetration of internet has given all the businessmen a new market. Yes, its the online market. And anyone who is into selling or buying can't remain away from internet if one really wants to survive in this highly competitive world. It is not that competition is not stiff in the online world. Actually it is far stiffer. Web marketers are constantly on the look out for ways to make money online. After all, survival of any website depends on the money it is able to generate online.

One such way to earn money online is making use of forums. Just a few years ago, forums were not that popular but there popularity is now exceptional. There was a time when just a few websites had forums but nowadays you would rarely find a good website without a forum. We are living in a world where online marketers are making use of anything and everything to generate traffic to your site and forums is one of the most important tools for it.

Online forums are being used by many online companies to make money quickly and easily. Forums are used by net surfers to offer their personal opinions on anything and everything. You just have to think of one topic and you would get a forum discussing it. This popularity of forums has ensured that online marketers have devised a number of ways to make money using online forums and you could also do the same.

Do you want to learn more about how I do it? Secrets of Article Marketing

Raymond Nesa is an experienced web marketer specializing in article marketing, traffic generation, and list building.