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Manganese is a mineral found in nature that provides nutrients for various types of animals and plants. While this material may be useful to some organisms, excessive exposure can be very dangerous for humans. Long term exposure to manganese is known to cause manganese poisoning, or the condition known as manganism.

Who is at risk?

There are several different occupations that use manganese in the workplace:

- Railroad workers

- Steel workers

- Miners

- Welders

Under the Federal Employer's Liability Act, Railroad workers are protected from the negligent actions of their employers which may cause them serious injury. Employers are aware of the dangers of manganese, but many choose to do nothing to prevent manganese poisoning or educate their employees on the dangers of the substance. If you have experienced manganese poisoning due to your working conditions, contact a lawyer immediately to discuss your legal options.

Exposure and Detection

Dangerous manganese particles enter the body through inhalation. Workers who work in close contact with the mineral are at the greatest risk of developing manganism, however, their families and anyone who lives nearby a railroad or factory that utilizes the material may be at risk.

If you believe that you have been dangerously exposed to manganese, see a doctor immediately. There are several tests that can be done to determine whether or not you have developed manganism. Testing for manganese exposure may include blood tests, urine tests, and scalp tests. Contact your doctor for more information on manganese exposure testing.

The Effects of Manganism

Long term exposure to manganese can cause the development of serious health problems. Dangerous levels of manganese work inside of the body to attack the kidneys, liver, and central nervous system. The symptoms of manganism are very similar to symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. Other symptoms may include:

- Poor hand-eye coordination

- Respiratory difficulties

- Psychological problems

- Difficulty with speech

- Difficulty with facial expressions

- Tremors

- Weakness

A Lawyer Can Help

If you are a railroad worker and have suffered the symptoms of manganism, a skilled lawyer can help you to learn more about your legal rights. Under FELA laws, your employer is responsible for providing you with a reasonably safe working environment. If your employer has failed to do so, he or she may be liable for your injuries.

A talented FELA attorney will be able to organize an effective lawsuit against them in order to ensure that you receive the compensation that you deserve for your injuries.

Joseph Devine

Knowing routing theory and routing protocols has always been a big part of earning your Cisco CCNA and CCNP certifications. According to Microsoft's exam blueprints for the Server 2008 certification exams, that knowledge will also serve you well on your Microsoft exams.

The topic outline for the Configuring Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure exam (70-642) specifically mentions routing and routing protocols as exam topics. Specifically mentioned are RIP, OSPF, and static routing - three topics every CCNA and CCNP candidate will be well prepared to handle!

IPSec isn't part of the CCNA exam, but you'll see it on at least one CCNP exam, and it's also listed as a 70-642 exam topic. IPv6 and IPv4 addressing are both covered on the 70-642 as well.

Microsoft's website lists the following major skills you should expect to see on this exam:

Configuring IP addresses and Services (routing with RIP and OSPF, static routing, persistent routing, addressing, DHCP and DHCP options including relay agents, IPSec policies, Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload, subnetting, supernetting)

Configuring Name Resolution (DNS configuration, zones, records, replication, and integration with Active Directory, and client computer name resolution techniques)

Configuring Network Access (includes NAT, VPNs, RADIUS, 802.1x authentication, MS-CHAP, firewalls, and remote authentication methods)

Configuring File And Print Services (self-explanatory)

Monitoring And Managing A Network Infrastructure (includes SNMP and Windows Server Update Services)

Your CCNA and CCNP preparation will not quite be enough to get you past this exam, but as you can see, it'll give you a great head start!

Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free CCNP and CCNA Certification Exam tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages. Earn your Microsoft Server 2008 certification with The Bryant Advantage!